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 ARCHIVED TOPIC: The old Vega model line (1920s)


Please note this is an archived topic, so it is locked and unable to be replied to. You may, however, start a new topic and refer to this topic with a link: http://www.banjohangout.org/archive/180294

The Old Timer - Posted - 06/10/2010:  12:35:45


Questions have come up previously about which model was better/more expensive than another in the old Vega line. I bought a repro VEGA catalog from Mugwumps last month, and although it is undated, it look much like a late 1920s catalog (no mention of "Fairbanks" at all, no resonators at all). Lots of interesting letters and testimonials and recommendations to the musician/businessman, what banjos to include in your "act" to get the most work and make the most money with orchestras and dance bands.

Here are the models, differentiated (all of them specify Rogers "waterproofed" heads though):

Senator ("regular" 5 string only): mahogany neck, ebonized maple bound fingerboard, spun nickel over 1/4" steel wire "for head to rest on", hex nuts, GROOVED brass tension hoop, blackened bottom of rim bound on outside, brown finish. Patent friction pegs, No Knot tailpiece. 10 3/4" rim.

Regent (regular 5 string only): maple neck, ebonized maple bound fingerboard with black laminate in middle, natural finish, same spun nickel over 1/4" rod for "tone ring" as Senator, hex nuts, brass NOTCHED tension hoop, same trim on back of rim, same pegs and tailpiece and rim size as Senator.

Imperial Electric (regular 5 string only): mahogany neck, ebonized maple bound fingerboard (like Senator), Whyte Laydie "Electric truss" tone ring, hex nuts, same trim on rim as Senator and Regent, same pegs and tailpiece and rim size. Essentially a Senator with a WL tone ring.

Style No. 2 Whyte Laydie (5 string and plectrum): pretty much as we all know with star in peghead and 5th fret instead of earlier gryhpon, etc. maple neck, EBONY fingerboard, "extra heavy 7 lap laminated rim, Whyte Laydie tone ring, patented bracket band to hold hooks, BALL END nuts (not hex), inside and outside of bottom of rim bound, Grover friction pegs, Sure Grip tailpiece (???), in two sizes, Regular is 10 /34". Professional is 11" and is supplied unless otherwise specified. Plectrum banjo 11 or 12" rim.

Style No. 7 Whyte Laydie (5 string only): as we expect, the carved, heavily inlaid version (flower pot in peghead plus inlays on back of head and heel). Pearl tuner buttons. gold plated tuners, tailpiece not specified but No Knot pictured, marquetry in bottom of rim. 11" rim only.

Style No. 3 Tu-ba-phone ((5 string and plectrum): Much as we expect, although the line drawing shows gryphon and star in peghead and star at 5th fret. Mahogany neck with black laminate strip in center, carved heel, extra heavy 7 lap laminated rim with Tu-ba-phone ring and bracket band, ball end nuts, heavy brass notched tension hoop, rim bound inner and outer, Sure Grip tailpiece, friction pegs, 11" professional size only. Plectrum in 11" or 12" rim.

Style No. 9 Tu-ba-phone: Curly maple wood in neck, usually fancy inlays we expect, neck finish "shaded like the work of an old master, French polished". Fancy marquetry in rim, rim finish shaded like neck. Kershner tailpiece specified (but not pictured), gold Grover friction tuners, 11" professional rim size only.

Style DeLuxe Tu-ba-phone: neck same as No. 9, gold plated tone ring, bracket band engraved and gold plated, ball end nuts quadruple SILVER plated, brackets gold plated, green pearl in bottom of rim, rim shaded like the old masters, engraved gold plated Kershner tailpiece, pearl and gold Grover friction pegs, DeLuxe name engraved on a plate on the dowel, dowel hardware silver plated. Professional 11" only.

Style K: 4 string or 8 string "mandolin banjos": Mahogany neck, extended ebony fingerboard, nickel plated steel wire for head to stretch over, hex nuts, 22 brackets, grooved tension hoop, outside of rim bottom is bound, brown finish. 10 " rim. Tuning "machines" for 8 string, adjustable tailpiece with shell-shaped cover

Style Little Wonder Mandolin banjo in 8 string pictured and described: maple neck with black strip through center, extended ebony bound fingerboard, 6 lap rim, spun nickel over 1/4" steel rod for head to rest on, brass notched tension hoop, rim bound on outside, natural finish, tuning machines and adjustable covered tailpiece, 10" rim. 28 brackets.

Style L Whyte Laydie Mandolin Banjo (shown with 8 strings): maple neck with black center, extended ebony bound fingerboard, 7 lap rim, Whyte Laydie tone ring and bracket band, BALL end nuts, 28 brackets, same as WL specs, 10" rim. Machines for tuners.

Style S Tu-ba-phone mandolin banjo. Curly maple rim with black center strip, extended ebony fingerboard, 7 lap rim, Tu-ba-phone ring and bracket band, 28 brackers, ball end nuts, engraved covered tuning machines and talipiece, 10 " rim. Pictured with wire armrest and lap support.

Style X Tu-ba-phone mandolin banjo: Differs from Style S in hex nuts, marquetry in bottom of rim, bound inside and out, shaded finish like the old masters, gold plated machine tuners and tailpiece. 10 3./4" head.

Style N tenor banjo: mahogany neck, ebonized fingerboard (not bound), spun nickel over steel wire for head to stretch on, grroved tension hoop, patent pegs, No Knot tailpiece, 10 3/4" head. 17 frets. 26 brackets.

Style Little Wonder Tenor: Maple neck with black center strip, ebonized bound fingerboard. Natural finish. 6 lap rim, 28 brackets. Hex nuts, notched tension hoop, same pegs and tailpiece as N. 10 3/4" rim.

Style R Whyte Laydie: WL specs same as mandolin banjo on earlier pages, 10 3/4" rim, professional size 12" available on order. (I owned a Style R with a Bart Reiter 5 string neck for many years).

Style M Tu-ba-phone: maple neck, otherwise like a No. 3. 10 3/4" and 12" rims.

Style X No. 9 Tu-ba-phone: Like a No. 9 in 10 3/4" and 12" heads. Extended fingerboard. "Strictly an artist's instrument"!

Style DeLuxe Tu-ba-phone: Gold plated tone ring and engraved bracket band, silver plated nuts, green pearl in bottom of rim, gold engraved Kershner tailpiece. 12" head unless otherwise ordered!

Guitar-banjos listed in Little Wonder, Electric, Whyte Laydie and Tu-ba-phone. 12" heads. Electric does not have bracket band. Little Wonder and Electric in 6 lap rims w spun over nickel on steel wire and unbound ebony fingerboards, WL and T-b-p in 7 lap with ball end nuts instead of hex with bracket bands, tone rings and bound fingerboards. Text suggests playing with either a "shell" pick or thumb pick and "finger caps". the guitar player can now have an instrument that will be heard and can be played"!!

Sadly, no prices listed. Also, all the tension hooks are called "steel wires".

Bill Rogers - Posted - 06/10/2010:  12:53:15


No resonators says it's early 20s. Fairbanks was long gone by then. Sounds like the one I have: 1923. Late 20s would have been loaded with resonator 4-stringers.

mainejohn - Posted - 06/10/2010:  16:40:47


I have that same 1923 catalog, which I bought in the 70's for $3.50, according to the price tag. Although somewhat incomplete, it's the best reference I've seen for 20's Vegas. Countless others may disagree, but of all the banjos I've heard or played over the past 50 years, the 20's Vega Tubaphones have the sweetest, richest sound of them all.

The Old Timer - Posted - 06/10/2010:  18:27:29


Interesting, I owned/own two early 1920s Vegas and they both had "Fairbanks Banjo by Vega" stamped on the stick. I think a 1923 and a 1925. Thanks for helping to place the date. It is a nice reference catalog.

mikehalloran - Posted - 06/10/2010:  20:43:18


This catalog is mid teens most likely. The Tubaphone gryphon was gone by 1918 or 19 replaced by the Imperial Electric torch. I have seen a lot of 1913-15 Tubaphones with the gryphon. My 1919 Tubaphone has the torch.

Many of the variations and models weren't around after WWI.

The 10 3/4" Standard pot was pretty much gone by the '20s but my 1924 Electric plectrum has it (probably a floor sweep using old parts). One of the reasons I suspect a floor sweep is that some '24 Electrics have 26 brackets while others have 24 - mine has 28, a sign that they were using up old stretcher bands.

My '20s Senator, Regal and Imperial Electric have plain headstocks. My Regal has an ebony 'board while the Electric and Senator fretboards are dyed pearwood.

Another clue is the lack of resonators. The close fitting resonator was certainly around in 1919, it may have appeared earlier. Vega resonators weren't around in 1915. Flanges first appeared in 1923 with the Vegaphone line.


Edited by - mikehalloran on 06/11/2010 08:03:23

agitator - Posted - 10/25/2010:  14:24:23


hey can anyone help me. i just bought a no. 9 tubephone and wondered what it was suppose to have or not. i know the gold plated grover two tabs with pearl knobs wasn't but wondered about the size of the rim. mine if i measure the outside of the back i get 10 5/8. and the dowel says fairbanks banjo made by the vega company. not sure of the year the serial no. is 45097 and the same for the rim its all gold plated-worn-,and the flower on the back of the head. sure would love to see a factory pic of what she looked like. i paid a bloody fortune for this one hope she's worth it.... any info would be appreciated, thanks guys. also did they have a resonator i see two hole drilled into the middle of the dowel stick where someone tried something; would like to get one as i have the hardware the none flange style only though. kind of nice haven something old i sure like it...

The Old Timer - Posted - 10/25/2010:  15:20:24


Yours sounds like a 20s serial number. While they didn't come with resonators then, they were common after-market additions, so you see lots of holes drilled in the dowels. You should measure the head from side to side of the white skin/plastic, not the back of the rim. In the 20s they would have been 10 15/16" or 11", if it was a 5 string. If the metal on the rim is gold plated you have a "DeLuxe". In the 20s, the No. 9 was nickel plated. Only the tuners were gold plated on No. 9 in the 20s, but the old catalog says they are "Grover patent", not friction as on the regular No. 9. It should have the big Kerschner tailpiece. The nuts on the brackets should be SILVER plated, all else gold. There should be a gold plated metal plate saying DeLuxe on the dowel stick, but it sounds like that might have been removed for a resonator attachment. PICTURES are what we need!

Tenors also came in 12" head size in No. 9 and DeLuxe.

Slingerland - Posted - 10/25/2010:  18:15:46


Thanks for sharing!

Deaf Lester Crawdad - Posted - 10/25/2010:  19:05:35


quote:
Originally posted by Bill Rogers

No resonators says it's early 20s. Fairbanks was long gone by then. Sounds like the one I have: 1923. Late 20s would have been loaded with resonator 4-stringers.



Correct.

The earliest factory Vega resonator that I've ever seen was a spin-on pie pan style that came with a 1915 Style-M Tubaphone tenor, but resonators didn't show up in catalogs until later on.

They were obviously available as special order items, though.

~Pete

blindjesse - Posted - 10/25/2010:  19:14:31


Some downloadable catalogs here:
acousticmusic.org/Instrument-C...html#Vega

Marc Nerenberg - Posted - 10/25/2010:  21:06:50


quote:
Originally posted by agitator

hey can anyone help me. i just bought a no. 9 tubephone and wondered what it was suppose to have or not. i know the gold plated grover two tabs with pearl knobs wasn't but wondered about the size of the rim. mine if i measure the outside of the back i get 10 5/8. and the dowel says fairbanks banjo made by the vega company. not sure of the year the serial no. is 45097 and the same for the rim its all gold plated-worn-,and the flower on the back of the head. sure would love to see a factory pic of what she looked like. i paid a bloody fortune for this one hope she's worth it.... any info would be appreciated, thanks guys. also did they have a resonator i see two hole drilled into the middle of the dowel stick where someone tried something; would like to get one as i have the hardware the none flange style only though. kind of nice haven something old i sure like it...


between 1920 and 1923. see: mugwumps.com/acf_date.htm

JonT - Posted - 10/25/2010:  21:22:55


Nice post, but - wasn't Vega strange about head sizes? The post lists 11 inch heads, for instance, but weren't Vega pots always a 16th-inch undersize? So an 11-inch head would really be a 10 15/16 inches, and so on? I think they may also have made them in odd sizes like 10 11/16ths. Yes? No?

mikehalloran - Posted - 10/26/2010:  00:09:53


>if i measure the outside of the back i get 10 5/8.<

You don't measure there. It is turned down for the bracket band. You measure inside the stretcher band. An 11" measurement takes a 10 15/16" head.

Vega banjos before 1923 did not have flanges. Many did have resonators. Flat and close-fitting resonators were around during the 'teens. I am not sure that they were available in 1915 but they were by 1918.

Deaf Lester Crawdad - Posted - 10/26/2010:  10:21:20


quote:
Originally posted by mikehalloran
Flat and close-fitting resonators were around during the 'teens. I am not sure that they were available in 1915 but they were by 1918.



I once owned a 1915 Style M Tubaphone tenor that had an original factory spin-on resonator. Not only did the finishes of neck and resonator match perfectly, but the resonator was stamped (twice, on the inside surface) with the same Vega I.D. logo that was on the perchpole.

The resonator wasn't flat: it was domed just like the back of a modern resonator, but had no walls around the edge: just a raised strip that reinforced the edges.

~Pete

mikehalloran - Posted - 10/26/2010:  10:45:28


quote:
Originally posted by Deaf Lester Crawdad

quote:
Originally posted by mikehalloran
Flat and close-fitting resonators were around during the 'teens. I am not sure that they were available in 1915 but they were by 1918.



I once owned a 1915 Style M Tubaphone tenor that had an original factory spin-on resonator. Not only did the finishes of neck and resonator match perfectly, but the resonator was stamped (twice, on the inside surface) with the same Vega I.D. logo that was on the perchpole.

The resonator wasn't flat: it was domed just like the back of a modern resonator, but had no walls around the edge: just a raised strip that reinforced the edges.

~Pete



Pete,

I know the exact resonator you are talking about. It like all other Vega resonators, were available in the aftermarket to retrofit older banjos - any Vega dealer would have had them for sale. Vega French polish finishes are remarkably consistent on these, BTW. I have never heard of one as early as 1915, that's all. I have seen them on 1918 tenors. My 1919 has a close resonator, no flanges.

What size is your 1915? The flat resonator is common on the 11 13/16" pot but rare on the smaller sizes.

The Old Timer - Posted - 10/26/2010:  14:42:18


I know VEGA nominal head diameters are confusing. The old Mugwumps catalog says 11" a lot, never says 10 51/16". I don't claim to understand. Some are listed 10 3/4", and 12" too, and 10" for mando-banjos.

LEUllman - Posted - 10/26/2010:  15:07:08


Two of the more common Vega pot sizes are 10-15/16" and 11-13/16". If anyone knows how or why they ended up with these weird diameters, I'd love to hear the story.

I own a 1928 Style M plectrum (10-15/16" 28 brackets) that was converted to a 5-string by splitting the neck down the middle and adding a strip of mahagony up to the 5th fret. The work was perfectly done and I've been told that it might even have been a factory conversion. I also own a "big-pot" (11-13/16" 30 brackets) Fairbanks-Vega Style X that was beautifully re-necked by Liberty Banjo Company in 1971. They had a sense of humor, I guess, and added an "I" next the the "X" stamped on the dowel stick to make it a "Style IX."

Nothing like a vintage Vega!

Deaf Lester Crawdad - Posted - 10/26/2010:  16:19:40


quote:
Originally posted by mikehalloran
What size is your 1915? The flat resonator is common on the 11 13/16" pot but rare on the smaller sizes.



It's no longer mine, although I know the guy who now owns it.

It's one of the smaller ones: a 10 3/4" if I remember correctly.

~Pete

mikehalloran - Posted - 10/26/2010:  17:26:03


> The old Mugwumps catalog says 11" a lot, never says 10 51/16".<

That is because the Vega catalogs say 11".

Paul R - Posted - 10/26/2010:  20:47:25


quote:
Originally posted by mikehalloran

This catalog is mid teens most likely. The Tubaphone gryphon was gone by 1918 or 19 replaced by the Imperial Electric torch. I have seen a lot of 1913-15 Tubaphones with the gryphon. My 1919 Tubaphone has the torch.

Many of the variations and models weren't around after WWI.

The 10 3/4" Standard pot was pretty much gone by the '20s but my 1924 Electric plectrum has it (probably a floor sweep using old parts). One of the reasons I suspect a floor sweep is that some '24 Electrics have 26 brackets while others have 24 - mine has 28, a sign that they were using up old stretcher bands.



Very interesting, because I have that 1923 catalogue and the Tu-ba-phone No. 3, seems to have the gryphon (it's a bit fuzzy). Flip the page to the number 9 and no gryphon. Everything has 28 brackets except for the Style K mandolin banjo (22) and the Style N tenor (26).

The catalogue is 1923 - says so on the first page - "reprint of the 1923 Vega Company, Inc. ,,," They reprinted it in '73 (fifty years later). I got mine later in the seventies.

Deaf Lester Crawdad - Posted - 10/26/2010:  22:33:13


quote:
Originally posted by Paul R
Very interesting, because I have that 1923 catalogue and the Tu-ba-phone No. 3, seems to have the gryphon (it's a bit fuzzy). Flip the page to the number 9 and no gryphon.



The Gryphon headstock hung around on the Tubaphone #3 for a while after it had -in theory- been replaced by the Torch -although quite possibly these were special-order banjos.

I once owned an early-20's 3 with a Gryphon headstock and a carved heel, and it was notable because the heel carving was *extremely* well done, while the engraving on the Gryphon was just awful as compared with the older versions.

~Pete

mikehalloran - Posted - 10/26/2010:  22:40:06


That "1923" catalog is from the early 'teens. Someone made a mistake and "reprint of the 1923 Vega Company, Inc. ,,," doesn't make it one. I

I have a copy of the real 1923 catalog set - it was a set, BTW. It included the Vegaphone, introduced that year.

A 1918-22 Tubaphone Style 3 (plectrum/5-string) or M (tenor) has the Imperial torch. The gryphon was earlier 1912 - 1915. I have never seen a '16 or '17 so I don't know the transition years. In 1923, Tubaphone 3/M/Vegaphone went to the logo (aka scrambled eggs) 'stock.

mikehalloran - Posted - 10/26/2010:  22:46:05


One could order anything special order. The Deluxe, Artist and others had the fern or flowerpot.

I have never heard of a Gryphon from the late 'teens or '20s. That it was poorly engraved is suspect. The ferns of that era were beautifully done. The heel carving from '23 on is considered inferior. Because of its uniformity, I suspect that these were machine carved instead of hand carved like the earlier ones.

pgroff - Posted - 10/26/2010:  23:34:17


Mike,

Thanks for sharing your knowledge and pics of these.

PG

Deaf Lester Crawdad - Posted - 10/27/2010:  10:59:07


quote:
Originally posted by mikehalloran
I have never heard of a Gryphon from the late 'teens or '20s. That it was poorly engraved is suspect.



See the new pic of the Gryphon headstock on my homepage. The shoddy engraving (and not just on the Gryphon) is clearly visible if you blow the pic up, and the neck *was* completely original.

As for the date, I don't remember it exactly as it's been a long time since I owned that banjo, but according to the extensive Fairbanks/Vega serial # list that was published in the June '78 issue of "Pickin'" it was an early '20s banjo.

~Pete

BrittDLD1 - Posted - 10/27/2010:  12:19:36


I assume the "1923" catalog is this one:


Source: mugwumps.com/pictures/vega-cata.jpg

Back when that was originally reprinted, '1923' was the best guess at the date.
We know a lot more now. (And Mike Holmes should have added a note updating
the estimate of the date.)

That's a post-WWI catalog, and shows Vega's NEW home, at 155 Columbus Ave.
They moved there, in 1917.

And as Mike Halloran points out -- the The 'Vega-with-vines' peghead came
out in 1923. So... any catalog which shows that would have to be AFTER 1923.

I believe the catalog in question is David Day's LAST catalog for Vega. As we
all know, WWI ended on "the eleventh minute, of the eleventh hour, of the
eleventh day, of the eleventh month": 11/11/1918

It's possible that they got the catalog out in 1917, just before the US entered
the war. But with moving the company, at the same time -- I doubt that catalog
was produced until AFTER the end of the war. If so, That would place its approxi-
mate date of production sometime between January 1919, and August of 1922 --
when Day announced he was leaving Vega.

I'd bet 1919 or early-1920 as the year of its production. (That was before Lange
introduced his full-resonator Paramount, in 1921 -- which changed everything....)

What that catalog really does is DOCUMENT the changes which were made DURING
WWI -- most notably the 'down-grading' of the pearl patterns:

... o The Style C was discontinued.
... o The Senator, Regent, and Imperial Electric LOST ALL peghead pearl -- zip! Blank.

... o The Whyte Laydie No.2 LOST the Griffin -- and got a simple Star (or blank!)
... o The Tubaphone No.3 LOST the Flower Pot -- and got the Griffin (often upside-down!)
... o The Whyte Laydie No.7 LOST the 'Palmate' leaf pattern -- and got the Flower Pot
... o The Tubaphone No.9 KEPT the 'Palmate' leaf pattern
... o The Tubaphone De Luxe KEPT the 'Palmate' leaf pattern

AND... it also introduced the NEW openback 'plectral' banjos:
The Tenor, Plectrum, Mandolin-banjo and Guitar-banjo.

(It is possible that IF that catalog came out in 1917, it introduced the changes
necessitated by the various material shortages, due to WWI -- and by the growing
demand for plectral banjos.)


Those previous pearl versions are seen (as line-cut illustrations) in the Vega 'Gray'
reprint -- which is usually called the '1912' catalog. But a note in the back refers to
Brent Hayes returning from year-long tour of New Zealand -- which I believe was in
1913-14. (He was still there in April of 1914.) So, the catalog is probably at least
mid-1914. But it still contains ONLY 5-string banjos.

And, in mid-1914... WWI STARTS... (In Europe, at least.)

Best-
Ed Britt
©10/2010


PS:

quote:
Originally posted by mikehalloran

... I have a copy of the real 1923 catalog set - it was a set, BTW. It included the
Vegaphone, introduced that year....
Mike-

The BIG show for introducing fretted instruments, from 1900 to 1930, was the
annual Spring "Guild Convention." (American Guild of Banjoists, Mandolinists, and
Guitarists. Hence the name of the British magazine: "BMG")

In 1923, Bacon just MISSED introducing their Silver Bell. (They introduced it in June '23).
Gibson introduced their line of "Master" instruments, Particularly the "5" line: F-5, L-5,
TB-5 trapdoor, etc. Weyman introduced their resonated banjos.

But, according to period advertisements, Vega ALSO missed the intro of their new
Vegaphone. And they missed AGAIN, in Spring of 1924. The CATALOG might be Spring
1924... But the banjo wasn't introduced until late-24 or early 25. (I'll have to find my
notes, for the exact date.)

Young Bill Nelson had taken-over the family business in 1923 or '24, fresh out of college --
and apparently ran into some unexpected problems with the 'transition'.



Edited by - BrittDLD1 on 10/27/2010 13:08:02

Deaf Lester Crawdad - Posted - 10/27/2010:  14:59:33


quote:
Originally posted by BrittDLD1

I assume the "1923" catalog is this one: (Snip lots of interesting stuff.)



Thanks, Ed.

I sure do enjoy your posts.

~Pete

LEUllman - Posted - 10/27/2010:  15:11:42


Ed, here's a suggestion for the title of your new book: Wish Upon a Star: The Rise and Fall of the Vega Banjo Company. Hey, I'd buy a copy.


Edited by - LEUllman on 10/27/2010 15:12:36

BrittDLD1 - Posted - 10/27/2010:  17:25:20


quote:
Originally posted by LEUllman

Ed, here's a suggestion for the title of your new book: Wish Upon a Star: The Rise and Fall of
the Vega Banjo Company
. Hey, I'd buy a copy.
Hi Larry -

Yes, you've put your finger on it. (An that's a clever use of "star"...)

What got me interested in studying David L. Day... was acquiring a mint condition 1923 Tubaphone
No.3, with Vega-and-vines, back in the mid-'70s. A very nice banjo... but somehow, it just didn't
have 'The Magic' that a Fairbanks Tubaphone or Whyte Laydie had. Eli Kaufman mentioned to me
that Day had left Vega, in 1922, to go to Bacon. I suddenly realized **THAT** was exactly the
cross-over point -- in the rise of Bacon's quality and desirability, and the the drop in Vega's quality
and desirability.

Don't get me wrong... Vega still made some great banjos. But Bacon, which had been only so-so in
the 'teens, suddenly became a major force in the Banjo World. (And on a shoestring, compared to
what Vega was...)

Arguably, the finest Fairbanks, Vega, and Bacon banjos were ALL made directly under Day's watchful
and intelligent guidance of design, quality, and production. HE is the common denominator. (Hence
the "DLD1" in my member name.)

Best-
Ed Britt

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